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Simple Steps to Better Pasture.

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Choose your farms region through the selector below.

2

Input local conditions

Choose your farms soil type, rainfall and pH.

3

Pasture selections

Check out the pasture species best suited to your farm!

4

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Tropical Legumes

Caribbean Stylo

Amiga

Amiga

✔︎ Grows in low-fertility soils

✔︎ Anthracnose tolerant

✔︎ Produces more dry matter and seed compared to Verano 

Read More

✘ Sensitive to frost

✘ Sensitive to water-logging

 Stylos in QLD

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Butterfly Pea, Desmanthus, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Verano

Verano

✔︎ Grows in low-fertility soils

✔︎ Anthracnose tolerant 

✔︎ Similar to Amiga, however does not produce as much dry matter or seed

Read More

✘ Sensitive to frost

✘ Sensitive to water-logging

 Stylos in QLD

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Butterfly Pea, Desmanthus, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Siratro

Aztec atro

Aztec atro

✔︎ Tolerates a wide range of soil types

✔︎ Handles acidic soils

✔︎ Selected for increased leaf yield and rust tolerance

Read More

✘ Does not handle continuous grazing

✘ Does not tolerate water logging

✘ Requires higher fertility soils

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Tall Finger Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Siratro

Siratro

✔︎ Tolerates a wide range of soil types

✔︎ Handles acidic soils

✔︎ Good nitrogen fixing capability

Read More

✘ Does not handle continuous grazing

✘ Does not tolerate water logging

✘ Sensitive to leaf diseases such as bean rust.

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Tall Finger Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Burgundy Bean

Burgundy Bean

Burgundy Bean

✔︎ Highly palatable

✔︎ Suits a wide range of soil types

✔︎ Regenerates well from seed

Read More

✘ Due to the high palatability, stands can be selectively overgrazed

✘ Susceptible to viruses

✘ Short term perennial/annual

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium.

Caatinga Stylo

Caatinga Stylo

Caatinga Stylo

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing

✔︎ Suited to heavy clay soils

✔︎ Drought tolerant

Read More

✘ Sensitive to frost

✘ Will drop leaf in dry conditions

✘ Does not handle flooding

 Caatinga is a blend of Prima and Unica cultivars

 Stylos in QLD

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Desmanthus.

Centrosema

Cavalcade

Cavalcade

✔︎ Well adapted to semi-arid regions-  Thrives in tropical and sub-tropical environments with variable rainfall

✔︎ Tolerates wide of range of soils and seasonal flooding

✔︎ High quality and palatability- Good Hay option

Read More

✘ Short-lived annual

✘ Intolerant of continuous grazing

✘ Slow establishment- Can be outcompeted by grasses

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Signal Grass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Creeping Vigna, Greenleaf Desmodium.

Glycine

Cooper

Cooper

✔︎ Earlier flowering than Tinaroo – ideal for cooler sub-tropical areas

✔︎ Highly productive and palatable

✔︎ Better drought tolerance compared to Tinaroo

Read More

✘ Due to palatability, it can be selectively grazed out

✘ Sensitive to frost

✘ Can be an environmental weed

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Creeping Vigna, Greenleaf Desmodium.

Tinaroo

Tinaroo

✔︎ Later flowering than Cooper – ideal for warm wet tropical areas

✔︎ Highly productive and palatable

✔︎ Longer growing season compared to Cooper

Read More

✘ Due to palatability, it can be selectively grazed out

✘ Sensitive to frost

✘ Can be an environmental weed

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Creeping Vigna, Greenleaf Desmodium.

Leucaena

Cunningham

Cunningham

✔︎ High sustained weight gains (Bloat safe)

✔︎ Drought hardy and long lived perennial

✔︎ Fixes nitrogen boosting pastures and also reduces methane 

Read More

✘ Needs fertile and well-drained soils

✘ Costly to establish and weed potential if not managed

✘ Frost and psyllid sensitive

 Leucaena: A guide to establishment and management

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Floren Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Winter Growing: Clovers, Medics and Vetches.

Interow: Butterfly Pea, Desmanthus and Caatainga

Greenleaf Desmodium

Greenleaf

Greenleaf

✔︎ Moderate shade tolerance

✔︎ High palatability

✔︎ Good warm-season growth; complements tussocky and running grasses with its climbing, twining habit

Read More

✘ Succumbs to overgrazing

✘ Slow to establish

✘ Does not tolerate prolonged dry periods 

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Creeping Vigna, Glycine.

Desmanthus

Marc

Marc

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing once established

✔︎  Drought tolerant

✔︎  Non-bloating legume

Read More

✘ There are improved cultivars that offer higher dry matter production

✘  Looses leaf in dry/cold conditions

✘  High hard seed content

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Mitchell Gras, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Progardes Central Blend

Progardes Central Blend

→ See Tech Sheet Central Blend

✔︎ High protein, highly palatable and digestible summer legume; non-bloating and non-toxic (no mimosine)

✔︎ Early–mid flowering cultivars support seedling recruitment (Persistence), plus a longer-season component to keep quality feed later into the season

Read More

✔︎ Drought tolerant (deep taproot) and tolerant of heavy grazing once established; lifts pasture dry matter and botanical diversity

✘ Establishment is the hard part — very fine seed needs surface/very shallow sowing with low competition and reliable moisture/follow-up rain, see Establishment Guide

✘ In higher rainfall or cooler regions, Coastal or Southern Blends are better option with better cultivars in the blend

✘ Best on neutral–alkaline clay soils, not suited to acidic or light/sandy country

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Mitchell Gras, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Progardes Coastal Blend

Progardes Coastal Blend

→ See Tech Sheet Coastal Blend

✔︎ High protein, highly palatable and digestible summer legume; non-bloating and non-toxic (no mimosine)

✔︎  Mid–late maturity selected to maintain quality feed later into the season; designed to handle higher rainfalls typical of coastal regions, suited to the coastal fringes of northern NSW and QLD

Read More

✔︎ High-yielding Progardes cultivars that, beyond grazing, can also be cut for quality hay or silage

✘ Establishment is the hard part — very fine seed needs surface/very shallow sowing with low competition and reliable moisture/follow-up rain, see Establishment Guide

✘ Designed for higher rainfall paddocks (>800 mm); not the best option for lower-rainfall districts

✘ Best on neutral–alkaline clay soils, not suited to acidic or light/sandy country

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Mitchell Gras, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Progardes LiqMix

Progardes LiqMix

→ Establishing Progardes Desmanthus by feeding unscarified hard seed to cattle/horses so seed passes through and is deposited in dung pats across the paddock. See Faecal Seeding Guide

✔︎ Low-input establishment, avoids full paddock cultivation or seed bed preparation

✔︎  Suited to lower rainfall and variable seasons where follow-up rain is uncertain

Read More

✔︎ Uses hard, unscarified seed that stays viable through the animal and can germinate later when conditions suit

✘ Goats/sheep not recommended (seed viability after passage is too low)

✘ Can be slow/patchy and uneven unless you actively manage livestock movement and lick-tub placement

✘ Scarified/Other Progardes Blends not suitable (won’t survive the gut in a viable state), must use hard seed

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Mitchell Gras, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Progardes Southern Blend

Progardes Southern Blend

→ See Tech Sheet Southern Blend

✔︎ High protein, highly palatable and digestible summer legume; non-bloating and non-toxic (no mimosine)

✔︎  Selected for early flowering in cooler southern environments so it can seed down before frost and hold plant numbers over time

Read More

✔︎ Drought tolerant (deep taproot) and tolerant of heavy grazing once established; lifts pasture dry matter and botanical diversity

✘ Establishment is the hard part — very fine seed needs surface/very shallow sowing with low competition and reliable moisture/follow-up rain, see Establishment Guide

✘ Summer-active only — growth is checked by frost and it won’t “fix” a winter feed gap in cold districts

✘ Best on neutral–alkaline clay soils, not suited to acidic or light/sandy country

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Mitchell Gras, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Butterfly pea

Milgarra

Milgarra

✔︎ Large seed – Easy to establish

✔︎ Persistent in long dry seasons

✔︎ Highly palatable

Read More

✘ Cannot handle continuous grazing

✘  Does not tolerate frosts

✘  High soil fertility needed

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Setaria, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Caribbean Stylo.

Common Stylo

Nina

Nina

✔︎ Typically sold in a mix with Temprano

✔︎ Adapted to low fertile acid soils

✔︎ Can be used in cut and carry systems

Read More

✘ Will succumb to frost

✘ Does not tolerate heavy grazing

Stylos in QLD

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Humidicola.

Legumes: Siratro, Round Leaf Cassia, Caribbean Stylo.

Temprano

Temprano

✔︎ Typically sold in a mix with Nina

✔︎ Adapted to low fertile acid soils

✔︎ Can be used in cut and carry systems

Read More

✘ Will succumb to frost

✘ Does not tolerate heavy grazing

Stylos in QLD

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Humidicola.

Legumes: Siratro, Round Leaf Cassia, Caribbean Stylo.

Shrubby Stylo

Seca

Seca

✔︎ Wide adaptation

✔︎ Suited to extensive grazing systems

✔︎ Highly drought tolerant

Read More

✘ Siran has better anthracnose tolerance

✘ Can become a monoculture if not managed

✘ Palatability issues

 Stylos in QLD

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Round Leaf Cassia, Caribbean Stylo.

Siran

Siran

✔︎ Similar to Seca; However has improved anthracnose tolerance

✔︎ Suited to extensive grazing systems

✔︎ Highly drought tolerant

Read More

✘ Can become a monoculture if not managed

✘ Palatability issues

 Stylos in QLD

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Round Leaf Cassia, Caribbean Stylo.

Creeping Vigna

Shaw

Shaw

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing

✔︎ Tolerates acidic soils

✔︎ Spreads under grazing

Read More

✘ Poor seed yield; therefore can be difficult to source seed

✘ Frost sensitive

✘ Sensitive to prolonged dry conditions

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Signal Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Humidicola, Sabigrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium.

Cassia

Wynn Cassia

Wynn Cassia

✔︎ Adapted to low-fertility sandy soils

✔︎ Quick establishment

✔︎ High Dry matter production

Read More

✘ Typically, poor palatability; However, producers note that when the plant has hayed off, livestock will consume

✘ Potential environmental weed

✘ Will not tolerate water-logging 

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Sabi grass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Shrubby Stylo, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Temperate Legumes

Lucerne

Aurora

Aurora

→ Moderate Winter-active (6) lucerne (Medicago sativa) — Aurora

✔︎ Winter-activity class 6 — moderate winter growth with good cool-season production and regrowth between grazings/cuts

✔︎ Good resistance to Phytophthora root rot; medium–low resistance to anthracnose; low resistance to stem nematode, bacterial wilt and leaf diseases.

Read More

✔︎ Public variety with broad fit on well-drained neutral–alkaline soils for grazing, hay and silage where reliable winter–spring feed is required

✘ Persistence under stress is generally lower than more dormant classes (WA 3–5); manage grazing and summer moisture

✘ No lucerne has resistance to frost or waterlogging — avoid depressions/poorly drained sites

✘ LR ratings to stem nematode, bacterial wilt and leaf spots mean risk where these issues occur without integrated control

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial ryegrass, Annual/Italian ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall fescue (choose by soil and summer feed goals).
Legumes: Subterranean clover (well-drained soils), Balansa/Persian clover (periodically wet flats), Red clover/White clover in higher-rainfall or irrigation.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs semi-dormant WA5–6 lucernes, Aurora sits mid-pack for winter growth and persistence; vs highly winter-active WA 9–10 types (e.g., Sequel) it has less winter activity but typically better stand life under stress; vs older Hunter River it carries strong aphid and PRR resistance.
— Sow 5–10 mm deep into a firm, moist seedbed (autumn; late summer under irrigation).
— Inoculation: Group AL rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils; correct subsurface pH(CaCl₂) ≥5.5; avoid waterlogging.
— Grazing/cutting, first graze after the pull test; rotationally graze or cut; leave 5–7 cm residual; allow an occasional flowering period to protect crowns.

Sequel

Sequel

→ Highly winter-active (9) lucerne (Medicago sativa) — Sequel

✔︎ Winter activity class 9 (high) — bred for strong cool-season growth and fast regrowth between grazings/cuts

✔︎ Moderate resistance to Phytophthora root rot and good resistance to anthracnose. Susceptible to stem nematode, bacterial wilt and leaf spots.

Read More

✔︎ Suitable where a long harvest window and frequent cuts/grazings are required; highly winter-active types give longer seasons and high early-years production

✘ More management needed to preserve persistence under stress than semi-dormant types; dormant/semi-dormant lucernes generally outlast highly winter-active varieties under stress

✘ No cultivar has resistance to frost or waterlogging — avoid depressions/poorly drained sites

✘ Where stem nematode or bacterial wilt occur, Sequel’s ratings (S) mean risk of loss without integrated control

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial ryegrass, Annual/Italian ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall fescue (choose by soil and summer feed goals).
Legumes: Subterranean clover (well-drained soils), Balansa/Persian clover (periodically wet flats), Red clover/White clover in higher-rainfall or irrigation.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs semi-dormant WA5–6 lucernes = more winter feed and faster regrowth but typically shorter stand life; vs intermediate WA 7 types = more winter growth, similar or lower persistence unless well-managed; vs Sequel HR = similar production but upgraded PRR/anthracnose resistance; vs WA10 “very high” types = slightly less winter activity but usually a touch better persistence.
— Sow 5–10 mm deep into a firm, moist seedbed (autumn; late summer under irrigation).
— Inoculation: Group AL rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils; correct subsurface pH(CaCl₂) ≥5.5; avoid waterlogging.
— Grazing/cutting, first graze after the pull test; rotationally graze or cut; leave 5–7 cm residual; allow an occasional flowering period to protect crowns.

Trifecta

Trifecta

→ Winter-active (7) lucerne (Medicago sativa) — Trifecta

✔︎ Winter-activity class 7 — solid winter growth with good regrowth between grazings/cuts

✔︎ Public variety (non-PBR) widely listed; broad fit on well-drained neutral–alkaline soils for grazing, hay and silage

Read More

✔︎ Good resistance to spotted alfalfa aphid and blue-green aphid; moderate resistance to Phytophthora root rot; good resistance to anthracnose and bacterial wilt; but only low resistance to stem nematode and leaf diseases.

✘ Persistence under stress generally lower than semi-dormant classes (WA 3–5) — a known trade-off with higher winter activity

✘ No lucerne has resistance to frost or waterlogging — avoid depressions/poorly drained sites

✘ Low resistance to stem nematode and only MR/ LR to PRR/leaf diseases — higher risk where these issues occur without integrated control

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial ryegrass, Annual/Italian ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall fescue (choose by soil and summer feed goals).
Legumes: Subterranean clover (well-drained soils), Balansa/Persian clover (periodically wet flats), Red clover/White clover in higher-rainfall or irrigation.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Sequel (WA 9) higher winter activity and longer cutting season but typically shorter stand life under stress; Trifecta (WA 7) trades a little winter feed for generally better persistence potential.
— Sow 5–10 mm deep into a firm, moist seedbed (autumn; late summer under irrigation).
— Inoculation: Group AL rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils; correct subsurface pH(CaCl₂) ≥5.5; avoid waterlogging.
— Grazing/cutting, first graze after the pull test; rotationally graze or cut; leave 5–7 cm residual; allow an occasional flowering period to protect crowns.

Serradella

Avila (yellow)

Avila (yellow)

→ Early–mid Yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus)

✔︎ Very hard-seeded → excellent regeneration and summer-sowing suitability

✔︎ Acid sandy soils specialist (low Al toxicity tolerance relative to many legumes)

Read More

✔︎ Good drought tolerance; competitive on deep sands where sub clover struggles

✘ Slower establishment and less bulk than French types on better loams

✘ Not suited to heavy clays or prolonged waterlogging; avoid saline depressions

✘ Small seed demands excellent seed-soil contact and slug/snail control

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Acid sandplain: Avila + El Gara or Margarita (to lift bulk) + ryecorn/oats as light cover.
Patchy paddocks: Avila base + light sub clover on better microsites.
Drought-prone blocks: Avila + hard-seeded French (low % Cadiz if an early kick is needed).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs French serradellas (e.g., El Gara/Margarita) = far harder-seeded and better for summer-sown pods/regeneration but less bulk on better loams; vs Cadiz (soft French) = much harder-seeded with better carryover, but less early feed; vs sub clover = stronger on deep acid sands, but less suited to heavier/wet clays.

— Sow 5–10 mm (very shallow); press wheels/rolling help.
— Inoculation: Group S.
— P & S; maintain K on deep sands.
— Rotate; defer at flowering to build seedbank.

Cadiz (pink)

Cadiz (pink)

→ Early–mid French serradella (Ornithopus sativus), ~95–110 days to flowering

✔︎ Very fast to first feed; strong late-winter–spring production

✔︎ Excellent hay/silage; cures cleanly

Read More

✔︎ Best on acid to neutral sands/sandy loams; tolerates brief surface wetness

✘ Soft-seeded — low carry-over; typically re-sown each year

✘ Not for heavy, prolonged waterlogging or saline depressions

✘ Establishment can be checked by RLEM/snails

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Acid sandplain: Cadiz + a hard-seeded French (El Gara or Margarita) to carry over; keep grass rates moderate.Better Sandy loam: Cadiz + light sub clover to boost shoulder feed on better patches.
Long spring/irrigation: Cadiz + Italian ryegrass and a later serradella (Santorini) for extended spring quality.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs hard-seeded French (El Gara/Margarita) = quicker early feed but poor carry-over; vs Avila (yellow) = faster, bulkier on better sands/loams but far less hard-seeded/regenerative; vs later French (Santorini) = earlier, shorter window but less total late spring.

— Sow 5–10 mm (very shallow); press wheels/rolling help.
— Inoculation: Group S.— Inoculation: Group S.
— P & S; maintain K on deep sands.
— Rotate; defer at flowering to build seedbank.

El Gara (pink)

El Gara (pink)

→ Mid-season French serradella (Ornithopus sativus)

✔︎ Hard-seeded with strong regeneration — reliable in ley rotations

✔︎ Adapted to acid sands/sandy duplexes; handles false breaks

Read More

✔︎ Summer-sown pods give cheap, even recruitment

✘ Slightly slower early winter growth than Cadiz

✘ Avoid heavy, prolonged waterlogging and saline sites

✘ Limited broadleaf herbicide options at establishment

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Acid sandplain: El Gara backbone + small % Cadiz for early bulk + Italian ryegrass (moderate).
Sandy duplex/better patches: El Gara + light–moderate sub clover for shoulder feed.
Cropping rotations: El Gara + ryecorn/oats as cover or silage; plan a spring spell for seed set.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Cadiz (soft French) = much better carry-over/hard seed but slower early feed; vs Margarita (hard French) = similar regeneration, Margarita can be bulkier on better loams; vs Avila (yellow) = more bulk on better sands/loams but less suited to the deepest acid sands; vs later French (e.g., Santorini) = earlier finish, less late-spring feed.

— Sow 5–10 mm (very shallow); press wheels/rolling help.
— Inoculation: Group S.
— P & S; maintain K on deep sands.
— Rotate; defer at flowering to build seedbank.

Margurita (pink)

Margurita (pink)

→ Mid-season French serradella (Ornithopus sativus)

✔︎ Hard-seeded with dependable self-regeneration

✔︎ Strong late-winter–spring feed; good stubble carry-over

Read More

✔︎ Suited to acid sands–sandy loams; tolerates false breaks

✘ Builds feed more slowly than Cadiz in the first 6–8 weeks — later first graze

✘ Avoid heavy clays, prolonged waterlogging, saline depressions

✘ Pods can shatter if over-ripe — manage spring timing

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Acid sandplain: Margarita + Cadiz (for quick early feed) + Italian ryegrass (moderate).
Better sandy loam: Margarita + light–moderate sub clover for extra winter leaf.
Longer springs: Margarita + Santorini to extend the spring window; add ryegrass under irrigation.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Cadiz (soft French) = slower early bulk but far better carry-over; vs El Gara (hard French) = similar regeneration with more bulk on better loams; vs Avila (yellow) = higher winter–spring bulk on sands/loams but less suited to the deepest acid sands

— Sow 5–10 mm; summer-sow pods where suited.
— Inoculation: Group S.
— P & S; K on deep sands.
— Rotate; spell at flowering to sustain regeneration.

Santorini (yellow)

Santorini (yellow)

→ Mid–late French serradella (Ornithopus sativus)

✔︎ Later maturity — holds quality deeper into long/wet springs or under irrigation

✔︎ Hard-seeded with good regeneration; suits summer-sown pods

Read More

✔︎ Excellent spring bulk and hay/silage potential

✘ Builds early biomass more slowly than Cadiz — later first graze; suits longer springs rather than short/cold winters

✘ Poorly adapted to heavy, waterlogged clays or saline patches

✘ Needs a spring spell at flowering for reliable seed set — continuous grazing then will reduce regeneration

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Long spring/irrigation: Santorini + Italian ryegrass (and/or tall fescue under irrigation).
Balanced season: Santorini + Margarita or El Gara to cover mid + late windows.
Early kick: Add a small % Cadiz for quick first feed, keeping grass rates moderate.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Cadiz (soft French) later, slower early bulk but much better carry-over; vs El Gara/Margarita (hard French) later finish with more late-spring feed, similar regeneration; vs sub clover longer spring on sands/duplex but less suited to heavy, wet clays.

— Sow 5–10 mm; summer-sow pods where suited.
— Inoculation: Group S.
— P & S; K on deep sands.
— Rotate; spell at flowering to sustain regeneration.

Balansa Clover

Balansa (Common)

Balansa (Common)

→ Mid-season annual balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum), ~115–125 days to flowering

✔︎ Good late-winter–spring feed and high-quality hay/silage (hollow stems cure well)

✔︎ Waterlogging tolerant — suits flats and heavier soils with periodic inundation

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✔︎ Broad adaptation — neutral to mildly alkaline loams/clays; tolerates mild salinity

✘ Unimproved/variable seed — maturity, hard-seed %, and disease tolerance can vary between sources

✘ Requires a spring spell — continuous grazing at flowering will prevent regeneration

✘ Less suited to deep sands or low-fertility, very dry sites; establishment can be checked by RLEM/snails/slugs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Persian Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Paradana similar maturity but less predictable; vs Bolta earlier and less suited to very long/wet springs; vs sub clover better on wet flats but poorer on deep, dry sands.

— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer grazing at flowering (Sept–Oct) to maintain the seedbank.

Paradana

Paradana

→ Mid-season annual balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum), ~115–120 days to flowering

✔︎ Excellent hay/silage option — hollow stems cure quickly with good leaf retention

✔︎ Very waterlogging-tolerant — thrives on flats and heavy soils prone to periodic inundation

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✔︎ Hard-seeded — regenerates well from the soil seed bank under proper spring seed set

✘ Requires spring spell for seed set — continuous grazing will prevent regeneration

✘ Less suited to deep sands or low-fertility dry sites

✘ Seedling establishment can be checked by red-legged earth mite, snails or slugs — monitor early

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Persian Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Frontier (early) = slower early but longer spring; vs Bolta (late) = earlier finish with less late-spring bulk; vs common/unimproved = similar maturity but more predictable performance/persistence.

— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure adequate P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer grazing during flowering (Sept–Oct) to maintain the soil seed bank for persistence.

Bladder Clover

Bartolo

Bartolo

→ Mid-season annual bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum)

✔︎ Self-regenerating type with high hard-seed levels for persistence under cropping/grazing rotations

✔︎ Suits neutral–mildly alkaline, well-drained loams/clays; broadly used in ~400–650 mm rainfall zones

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✔︎ Productive late-winter–spring feed; can be made into quality conserved fodder with correct curing

✘ Intolerant of salinity and waterlogging — avoid depressions/heavy, wet paddocks

✘ Needs a spring spell at flowering — continuous grazing at flowering will exhaust seedbank and reduce regeneration

✘ Can contribute to bloat risk in lush mixed pastures — manage diet and access to roughage/salt blocks

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs balansa less waterlogging tolerant but stronger fit on neutral–alkaline heavier soils; vs Persian far more hard-seeded/regenerative and better on drier sites, but poorer on wet flats; vs sub clover stronger on neutral–alkaline clays/loams, less suited to deep acidic sands; vs medics similar alkaline fit, Bartolo offers later spring feed where seasons allow.

— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer grazing at flowering (Sept–Oct) to maintain the seedbank.

Berseem Clover

Berseem (Common)

Berseem (Common)

→ Mid-season annual berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum)

✔︎ Big winter–spring feed with very palatable, high-quality forage; rapid regrowth after grazing/cutting

✔︎ Handles periodically wet, heavier flats better than most annual clovers; tolerates mild salinity

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✔︎ Best on neutral–mildly alkaline loams/clays; fits irrigated or reliable >550–600 mm districts (drier north: target ~700–750 mm+)

✘ Soft-seeded — poor self-regeneration; plan to re-sow annually

✘ Frost-tender at early stages

✘ Less suited to deep sands or strongly acidic soils (aim pH(Ca) ≳5.5–6)

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, Perennial ryegrass (irrigated), Tall fescue, Cocksfoot; cereals for silage/green-chop (e.g., oats/ryecorn).

Legumes: Balansa and Persian (on wetter flats), Sub clover on drier microsites; white clover under irrigation/high rainfall.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Balansa faster cut-and-graze regrowth and higher early bulk but soft-seeded (low carry-over); vs Persian earlier, shorter window with less flood tolerance/regeneration; vs Sub clover better on wet flats/under irrigation, poorer on deep acid sands and drier ridges. Less bloat risk compared to Balansa.

— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group B rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils or after hay cuts.

Barrel Medics

Caliph

Caliph

→ Short season annual barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), ~80 days to first flower

✔︎ Earliest maturing aphid-resistant barrel medic; good seedling and early vigour

✔︎ Fits low–medium rainfall neutral–alkaline soils

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✔︎ Hard-seeded — reliable self-regeneration in ley rotations; drought-tolerant growth habit

✘ Not for acidic or waterlogged/saline soils; best where pH is neutral–alkaline and drainage is good

✘ Herbicide residue sensitivity risk

✘ Animal health cautions (medic group)

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, barley/oats/ryecorn for winter feed or silage; phalaris/cocksfoot on suitable soils.

Legumes: Sub clover on slightly acidic microsites; other barrel/strand medics for staggered maturity.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Parabinga = similar early–mid barrel medic fit, but Caliph is earlier (up to ~5 days) and positioned as the earliest maturing aphid-resistant barrel medic (BGA + SAA); vs other medic cultivars = noted for superior boron toxicity tolerance; vs sub clover = generally stronger in low-rainfall situations on neutral–alkaline soils, poorer on acidic/wet sites.

— Sowing depth: shallow (≈5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group AM (annual medics)
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; defer at flowering to replenish seed set.

Cheetah

Cheetah

→ Early–mid season annual barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), ~80 days to first flower

✔︎ Vigorous, fast-growing type for low–medium rainfall (≈300 mm+), suited to neutral–alkaline loams/clays (pH(CaCl₂) ≳6.5)

✔︎ Aphid resistance: rated resistant/very resistant to bluegreen aphid (BGA) and spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) (relative to common medics)

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✔︎ Hard-seeded — reliable self-regeneration in ley rotations; drought-tolerant growth habit

✘ Not for acidic or waterlogged/saline soils; best where pH is neutral–alkaline and drainage is good

✘ Like other medics, can suffer RLEM/lucerne flea and cowpea aphid — monitor early

✘ Animal health cautions (medic group): occasional photosensitisation in horses; red-gut in sheep; bloat risk in lush mixed pastures

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, barley/oats/ryecorn for winter feed or silage; phalaris/cocksfoot on suitable soils.

Legumes: Sub clover on slightly acidic microsites; other barrel/strand medics for staggered maturity.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs later barrel/strand medics earlier first feed and better fit to low–medium rainfall, but shorter spring window; vs older aphid-susceptible barrel medics markedly better BGA/SAA resistance; vs sub clover stronger on neutral–alkaline loams/clays in drier belts, poorer on acid/wet soils.

— Sowing depth: shallow (≈5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group AM (annual medics), strain WSM1115 (AIRG/GRDC).
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; defer at flowering to replenish seed set.

Paraggio

Paraggio

→ Early–mid season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula)

✔︎ Suited to low–medium rainfall mixed-farming zones (~325–550 mm) on neutral–alkaline, well-drained loams/clays

✔︎ Moderate–high hard seed → dependable self-regeneration under crop/pasture rotations

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✔︎ Good winter–spring production with excellent hay/silage quality

✘ Avoid acidic (low pH), saline or waterlogged sites

✘ Monitor establishment pests (RLEM, lucerne flea) and aphids (BGA/SAA)

✘ Production in winter can be slow if autumn rain is late

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, barley/oats/ryecorn for winter feed or silage; phalaris/cocksfoot on suitable soils.

Legumes: Sub clover on slightly acidic microsites; other medics for staggered maturity.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Cheetah (earlier) slightly later, longer spring window but less aphid resistance; vs strand medics more drought-leaning on neutral–alkaline loams/clays; vs sub clover better in drier, alkaline belts but poorer on acid/wet sites.

— Sowing depth shallow (≈5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group AM (annual medics), strain WSM1115.
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; defer at flowering to replenish seed set.
— Paraggio is a benchmark mid-season medic for medium rainfall.

Sephi

Sephi

→ Mid-season barrel medic (Medicago truncatula)

✔︎ Broadly adapted across low–medium rainfall zones (~325–600 mm) on neutral–alkaline, well-drained loams/clays

✔︎ High hard-seed → strong self-regeneration under crop/pasture rotations

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✔︎ Strong aphid resistance (notably BGA/SAA) for more dependable winter growth

✘ Performs poorly on acidic, waterlogged or saline sites — nodulation/persistence suffer

✘ Slightly later than early types (e.g., Cheetah) — slower early winter feed in short seasons

✘ Limited broadleaf herbicide options at establishment — higher risk from weeds or spray damage

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, barley/oats/ryecorn for winter feed or silage; phalaris/cocksfoot on suitable soils.

Legumes: Sub clover on slightly acidic microsites; other barrel/strand medics for staggered maturity.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Cheetah (early) = later, broader-fit with stronger aphid resistance but slower early winter feed; vs Paraggio (mid) = similar maturity but stronger aphid resistance/hard seed for more reliable regeneration; vs strand medics (M. littoralis) = better on heavier loams/clays with steadier cool-season feed, but less suited to very light, ultra-dry sands.

— Sowing depth shallow (≈5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group AM (annual medics), strain WSM1115 (AIRG/GRDC).
— Ensure P & S; maintain K on lighter soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; defer at flowering to replenish seed set.

— Sephi is the broad-fit, mid-season option with strong aphid resistance

Biserrula

Casbah

Casbah

→ Mid-season annual biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus)

→ Autumn sowing at the seasonal break; rotationally graze through winter. Spell at first flower (~115 days)/early pod-fill to replenish the soil seedbank (very hard-seeded).

✔︎ Very high hard-seed → builds persistent seedbanks for ley rotations; proven seed production under dry seasons in NSW.

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✔︎ Low–medium rainfall fit; reliable regeneration across dryland mixed-farming zones.

✔︎ Deep-rooted, drought-tolerant feed with strong late-winter–spring growth; often competitive with weeds once established.

✘ Photosensitisation risk in sheep if biserrula dominates green feed (spring); reduce risk by ensuring 10–30% other species in the sward and managing grazing.

✘ Limited herbicide options; susceptible to many broadleaf herbicides. Monitor RLEM early.

✘ Requires its own inoculant (WSM1497; “Biserrula Special”) — won’t nodulate with standard clover/medic groups.

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, cereals for green-chop/silage (oats/ryecorn), phalaris/cocksfoot on suitable soils.

Legumes: French/yellow serradella, sub clover on drier microsites; arrowleaf/balansa in longer, wetter springs. (Mixing also helps mitigate Photosensation risk.)

Notes:

— Shallow; aim ≤10 mm (≤2 cm absolute). Firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Mesorhizobium ciceri bv. biserrulae WSM1497 (specialised biserrula inoculant).
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Casbah = early-mid maturity, very high hard-seed; suits the drier end of the range (vs. Mauro later).

Subterranean Clover

Clare (black-seeded)

Clare (black-seeded)

→ Mid-late season subterranean clover (brachycalycinum spp.), ~135 days to flowering

✔︎ Mid–late maturity extends high-quality feed through late winter–spring

✔︎ Excellent winter & spring growth; reliable bulk in mixed pastures

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✔︎ Moderate root-rot tolerance with generally good seed regeneration when burrs are buried

✘ Burr burial less reliable than some subs — needs grazing/traffic/soil movement to aid burial

✘ Clover scorch can occur in humid, rank canopies — manage canopy and nutrition

✘ Slower autumn establishment in cold soils compared with quick early types

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs early subterraneum (e.g., Dalkeith) = later, longer spring window but slower autumn start; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = poorer waterlogging tolerance but better on well-drained heavier/alkaline soils; vs mid-season ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park/Leura) = similar winter–spring bulk, but Clare (brachycalycinum) relies more on grazing/traffic for burr burial to secure regeneration.

— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to replenish seed set — burr burial is key for persistence.

Dalkeith (black-seeded)

Dalkeith (black-seeded)

→ Early-season cultivar (subterraneum spp.), ~103 days to flowering

✔︎ Early maturity — suits shorter, drier finishes and early feed supply

✔︎ Widely adapted across soil types (best on well-drained loams to clays)

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✔︎ Moderate resistance to root rots (relative to susceptible types)

✘ Susceptible to clover scorch

✘ Lower winter bulk than later-maturing subs

✘ Finish can be early in very dry springs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass (cooler/irrigated), Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover (for later feed), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigated).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs mid-season ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park/Leura) = earlier, faster autumn start but shorter spring window and less late-spring bulk; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = poorer waterlogging tolerance, better on well-drained soils; vs ssp. brachycalycinum (e.g., Clare) = earlier with more reliable burr burial (less reliant on traffic), while Clare can give longer late-spring feed on heavier/alkaline sites.

— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to replenish seed set — encourage burr burial for persistence.

Denmark (black-seeded)

Denmark (black-seeded)

→ Late-season subterranean clover (subterraneum spp.), ~144 days to flowering

✔︎ Late maturity extends high-quality feed into late spring/early summer

✔︎ Resistant to clover scorch and root rot (improved disease tolerance)

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✔︎ Keeps growing after flowering in long seasons; high full-season DM

✘ Less suited to waterlogged sites than yanninicum types (use Trikkala/Gosse/Napier there)

✘ Relatively soft-seeded (<10% in warm regions) — can reduce persistence in tight crop rotations

✘ Late start in short seasons; may miss finish in low-rainfall/dry springs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs early ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Dalkeith) = later, much longer spring window but slower autumn start; vs mid-season ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park/Leura) = later finish with more late-spring DM, but greater risk of missing the finish in short seasons; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = better on well-drained soils but poorer waterlogging tolerance.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to replenish seed set — burr burial is key for persistence.

Gosse (yellow-seeded)

Gosse (yellow-seeded)

→ Mid-season subterranean clover (yanninicum spp.), ~130 days to flowering

✔︎ Waterlogging-tolerant yanninicum type — suited to flats and periodically wet/heavy soils

✔︎ Mid-season maturity provides strong winter–spring feed in long, cool seasons

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✔︎ Improved tolerance to clover scorch and root rot compared with Trikkala

✘ Not suited to drought-prone, sandy soils (choose subterraneum/brachycalycinum types there)

✘ Inferior resistance to Phytophthora race 1 (relative to Riverina); susceptible to Pythium and powdery mildew under humid conditions

✘ Can finish late in short seasons; pair with earlier subs to spread risk

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Trikkala (yanninicum) = better clover scorch/root-rot tolerance with similar waterlogging fit; vs Riverina (yanninicum) = slightly inferior Phytophthora race 1 resistance, similar waterlogging adaptation; vs ssp. subterraneum/brachycalycinum = much better on wet flats, but poorer on dry, well-drained soils.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to replenish seed set — burr burial is key for persistence.

Goulburn (black-seeded)

Goulburn (black-seeded)

→ Mid-late season subterranean clover (subterraneum spp.), ~145 days to flowering

✔︎ Mid-season maturity — reliable winter and spring feed across mixed-farming zones

✔︎ Strong seedling vigour and rapid establishment after autumn rains

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✔︎ Improved tolerance to clover scorch, root rot (race 0), leaf rust and powdery mildew compared with older varieties such as Woogenellup

✘ Susceptible to clover scorch in humid, rank canopies — maintain canopy control

✘ Not suited to waterlogged flats — choose yanninicum types for wet sites

✘ Shorter spring finish than late cultivars in high-rainfall districts

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs early ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Dalkeith) = later, longer spring window but slower autumn start; vs mid-season ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park/Leura) = later finish with more late-spring DM; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = better on well-drained soils but poorer waterlogging tolerance.
— Aim for P & S sufficiency; monitor K and Mo on acid/light soils (general sub-clover nutrition).
— Inoculate with Group C rhizobia; sow 10–20 mm deep.
— Harder seeded & more persistent than Woogenellup.

Leura (black-seeded)

Leura (black-seeded)

→ Late-season subterranean clover (subterraneum spp.), ~151 days to flowering

✔︎ Late maturity — provides high-quality feed into late spring and early summer

✔︎ Excellent winter and spring growth; strong production in longer growing seasons

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✔︎ High total dry matter yield and reliable reseeding under favourable conditions

✘ Unsuitable for drought-prone or shallow soils; prefers heavier, moist profiles

✘ Very low hard seed — not for tight crop rotations.

✘ Slow autumn establishment under cold conditions or late breaks

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas (General sub-clover practice).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs mid-season ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park) = later, longer spring window with higher late-spring DM, but slower autumn start; vs early ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Dalkeith) = much later with greater total DM in long seasons; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = better on well-drained soils, poorer waterlogging tolerance.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to ensure seed set and persistence (burr burial essential for subterraneum types like Leura).

Napier (yellow-seeded)

Napier (yellow-seeded)

→ Late-season subterranean clover (yanninicum spp.), ~145 days to flowering

✔︎ Harder seeded than Gosse/Riverina; later than Trikkala.

✔︎ Excellent winter and spring growth; high total dry matter yield in long seasons

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✔︎ Resistant to clover scorch and root rot — reliable in high-rainfall, humid environments

✘ Not suited to drought-prone, sandy soils (choose subterraneum/brachycalycinum types there)

✘ Performs poorly on strongly acidic, low-fertility sands

✘ Slower establishment under cold or late-autumn conditions

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Gosse/Riverina (yanninicum) = later with more hard seed and longer spring, similar waterlogging fit; vs Trikkala (yanninicum) = later maturity and improved disease tolerance, but slower autumn start; vs ssp. subterraneum/brachycalycinum = much better on wet flats, but poorer on dry, well-drained ridges.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to secure seed set — burr burial is critical for persistence on wet flats.

Riverina (yellow-seeded)

Riverina (yellow-seeded)

→ Mid–season subterranean clover (yanninicum spp.), ~120 days to flowering

✔︎ Mid-season maturity provides reliable winter and spring feed in temperate, high-rainfall zones

✔︎ High total dry matter yield and excellent seed production for long-term regeneration

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✔︎ Superior resistance to clover scorch and root rot compared with earlier yanninicum cultivars

✘ Not suited to drought-prone or shallow soils — requires good soil moisture and fertility

✘ Soft-seeded — limited seedbank carryover; less suited to crop–pasture rotations

✘ Low autumn establishment in cold or late breaks

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass (cooler/irrigated), Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover (for later feed), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigated).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Gosse (yanninicum) = slightly earlier (≈5–7 days) with stronger disease (Phytophthora race-1) resistance; vs Trikkala (yanninicum) = later maturity with superior root-rot/clover-scorch resistance; vs ssp. subterraneum/brachycalycinum = much better on wet flats, but poorer on dry, well-drained ridges.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to replenish seed set — burr burial is key for persistence on wet flats.

Seaton Park (black-seeded)

Seaton Park (black-seeded)

→ Mid-season subterranean clover (subterraneum spp.), ~116 days to flowering

✔︎ Mid-season maturity — reliable winter–spring feed in mixed pastures

✔︎ Very good spring growth; suits hay/silage programs

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✔︎ Tolerant to Phytophthora/root rots (relative to susceptible types)

✘ Susceptible to clover scorch — manage canopy and nutrition in humid/rank swards

✘ Less suited to wet flats/waterlogging

✘ Not a long-season specialist — slightly less productive than very late types in prolonged springs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Balansa, Persian, Arrowleaf clovers (to extend spring feed); White Clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas. (General sub-clover practice.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs early ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Dalkeith) = later, more total spring DM but slower autumn start; vs late ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Leura/Denmark) = earlier finish, less late-spring DM but quicker to first feed; vs ssp. yanninicum (e.g., Trikkala/Riverina) = better on well-drained soils, poorer waterlogging tolerance.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to secure seed set — burr burial is key for persistence.

Trikkala (yellow-seeded)

Trikkala (yellow-seeded)

→ Mid-season subterranean clover (yanninicum spp.), ~107 days to flowering

✔︎ Waterlogging-tolerant yanninicum type — ideal for flats and periodically wet/heavy soils

✔︎ Mid-season maturity delivers reliable winter–spring feed in long, cool seasons

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✔︎ Resistant to root rot and clover scorch; dependable in humid, high-rainfall regions

✘ Not suited to drought-prone, sandy soils (use subterraneum/brachycalycinum there)

✘ Soft-seeded — limited seedbank carry-over for crop–pasture rotations

✘ Slower establishment under cold or late autumn breaks

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass (cooler/irrigated), Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover (for later feed), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigated).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Riverina/Gosse (yanninicum) = earlier with shorter spring window and typically softer seed; vs ssp. subterraneum (e.g., Seaton Park/Leura) = much better on wet flats, but poorer on dry, well-drained ridges; vs ssp. brachycalycinum (e.g., Clare) = superior waterlogging tolerance, but less suited to heavier, alkaline rises.
— Sowing depth 10–20 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on acid/light soils.
— Graze once well anchored (pull test). Rotate through winter; spell in spring to secure seed set and long-term persistence (burr burial critical for yanninicum types like Trikkala).

Crimson Clover

Crimson clover (common)

Crimson clover (common)

→ Mid-season annual crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), ~110–130 days to flowering

✔︎ Strong late-winter–spring feed; excellent quality hay/silage (dense cylindrical heads cure well)

✔︎ Broadly adapted to well-drained loams/sandy loams; suits; suits higher-rainfall and irrigated programs

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✔︎ Good early spring bulk and fast recovery after grazings/cuts

✘ Soft-seeded — low self-regeneration; plan to re-sow annually

✘ Not suited to saline or prolonged waterlogged sites; avoid heavy depressions

✘ Establishment can be checked by RLEM/snails/slugs; monitor early

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, Perennial ryegrass (irrigated/high rainfall), Tall fescue, Cocksfoot, Oats/Ryecorn for silage.

Legumes: Balansa/Persian on wetter flats; Sub clover on drier microsites; White clover in high-rainfall/irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Balansa = earlier, faster bulk for cut-and-graze, but less waterlogging tolerance/regeneration; vs Persian = earlier, shorter window with poorer flood tolerance, better for hay/silage; vs Sub clover = higher early spring feed on well-drained loams, but softer seedbank and less suited to dry acid sands.
— Sow shallow (≈5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia (clover group).
— Fertility: Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils, especially after hay cuts.
— Grazing: Begin when well anchored (pull-test). Rotate to maintain leaf; defer at flowering if seed set/regeneration is desired.

White Clover

Haifa

Haifa

→ Perennial stoloniferous clover (Trifolium repens)

✔︎ Small–medium leaf type with strong stolon development for persistence under close grazing

✔︎ Better heat tolerance than most temperate cultivars

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✔︎ Reliable reseeding and dense ground cover

✘ Lower peak spring yield than large-leaf or ladino-type cultivars

✘ Persistence limited by prolonged drought or hot summer conditions

✘ Less cold-tolerant than small-leaf cool-temperate cultivars

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many temperate and subtropical grasses.

Grasses:

Temperate and Tableland areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.
South Coast and Western Irrigated areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass, Paspalum, Kikuyu.
Central and North Coast: Kikuyu, Setaria, Rhodes Grass, Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass.

Legumes:

Red Clover, Subterranean Clover, Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs ladino (large-leaf) = better persistence under close grazing/heat, but lower peak spring yield; vs very small-leaf cool-temperate whites = better heat/summer tolerance, but less cold tolerance; vs sub clover = perennial N supply and summer activity (irrigated/high rainfall) but less suited to very dry, summer-dry systems.
— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C (clover) rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter/acid soils; lime if pH(CaCl₂) < 5.2–5.5.                                                                           — Around 25–35 day cutting/grazing interval; avoid grazing below 4–5 cm to protect stolons and crowns.

Rose Clover

Hykon

Hykon

→ Mid–late season annual rose clover (Trifolium hirtum)

✔︎ Hard-seeded with good regeneration; suited to lighter-textured, lower-fertility soils and Mediterranean seasons.

✔︎ Reliable late-winter–spring feed; strong spring flush where sub clover struggles

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✔︎ Can fit lower–medium rainfall districts; practical guide ~350 mm+

✘ Dislikes “wet feet” — not suited to waterlogged or heavy depressions

✘ Sensitive to heavy grazing/cutting around flowering — can reduce seed set and persistence

✘ Broadleaf herbicide options are limited; manage weeds pre-sowing and early

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.
Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, rye-corn/oats for winter feed or silage; Perennial ryegrass or Tall fescue on better moisture sites.
Legumes: Subterranean clover on better loams; medics on neutral–alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Sub clover = tougher on lighter, drier sands with a later spring flush, but poorer on wet flats; vs Balansa/Persian = better on well-drained, lower-fertility sands/duplex, but less waterlogging tolerant; vs Medics = similar low–medium rainfall fit, rose clover suits slightly more acidic sands than many medics.

— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Group C rhizobia (clover group) 
— Ensure P & S; watch K on light sands.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer grazing at flowering to maintain the seedbank.

Persian Clover

Laser

Laser

→ Late-season annual Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var. majus), Late flowering

✔︎ High winter–spring feed and excellent hay/silage quality (erect, hollow stems cure well)

✔︎ Tolerates partial waterlogging and mild salinity; adapted to neutral–alkaline soils

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✔︎ Clover scorch resistant; suited to irrigated/long-season districts

✘ Soft-seeded — low self-regeneration; generally plan as a 1-year ley (re-sow)

✘ Requires a spring spell — continuous grazing at flowering will prevent regeneration

✘ Less suited to deep sands or low-fertility, very dry sites; establishment can be checked by RLEM/snails/slugs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Balansa Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Lightning (mid-season Persian) = later, longer spring and bigger hay/silage window, but slower early feed; vs Prolific (hard-seeded Persian) = higher-quality cut-and-graze in long seasons but much poorer regeneration; vs shaftal/common early–mid Persians = later and more erect with better late-spring bulk under irrigation.
— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group O rhizobia (Persian clover).
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer grazing at flowering (Sept–Oct) to maintain the seedbank where some regeneration is desired.
— Later and more erect than Prolific (hard-seeded, regenerating type); later than Lightning (mid-season) and shaftal ranges; best where long seasons/irrigation favour late hay/silage.

Lightning

Lightning

→ Mid-season annual Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var. majus), Mid flowering

✔︎ Fast establishment and strong early–mid winter growth

✔︎ Suits medium-rainfall districts; good hay/silage option

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✔︎ Handles partial waterlogging; tolerates mild salinity

✘ Soft-seeded — low self-regeneration; generally plan as a 1-year ley (re-sow)

✘ Not tolerant of continuous grazing through flowering

✘ Drainage still matters — risk of crown/root rots on wet, heavy soils

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Balansa Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Laser (late Persian) = earlier, quicker early feed but shorter spring/hay window; vs Prolific (hard-seeded Persian) = better cut-and-graze quality in mid seasons but far poorer regeneration; vs Balansa = earlier feed on well-drained loams but less waterlogging tolerance/regeneration.
— Sow 5–10 mm deep.
— Inoculation: Group O rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotational winter grazing; spring spell for any regeneration.

Prolific

Prolific

→ Early–mid season annual Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var. resupinatum)

✔︎ Hard-seeded — good self-regeneration from soil seed bank

✔︎ Semi-prostrate habit tolerates close grazing better than erect types

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✔︎ Performs on winter-wet flats and can handle mild salinity

✘ Not as erect for hay/silage as majus types (Laser/Lightning)

✘ Seedling growth can be slower in cold early breaks

✘ Disease (e.g., rust) can build under back-to-back Persian crops

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Balansa Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Laser/Lightning (majus) = earlier and more grazing-tolerant with strong regeneration, but less erect for hay/silage; vs Balansa = better grazing tolerance on well-drained loams, but less waterlogging tolerance; vs Sub clover = stronger regeneration in neutral–alkaline, winter-wet flats, but shorter persistence on dry acid sands.
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group O rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze; defer at first flower in Year 1 to bank hard seed for regeneration.

Shaftal

Shaftal

→ Mid–late to Late season annual Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum var. majus), Late-leaning flowering

✔︎ Erect, hollow stems — very good hay/silage curing and quality

✔︎ Excellent waterlogging tolerance; suits heavier, irrigated or seasonally wet soils

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✔︎ High winter–spring feed in long seasons

✘ Very soft-seeded (often ~1–2%) — poor regeneration; plan to re-sow annually

✘ Continuous grazing through flowering prevents seed set

✘ Less suited to deep sands/low fertility; establishment checks from RLEM/snails/slugs

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Balansa Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Laser (late Persian) = broadly similar hay/silage role but often softer-seeded with poorer stand carry-over; vs Lightning (mid Persian) = later, bigger hay window but slower early feed and lower regeneration; vs Prolific (var. resupinatum) = far less regenerative/softer-seeded, but more erect for hay.
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group O rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotational winter grazing; spell at flowering to set any seed (expect to re-sow most years).

Turbo

Turbo

→ Late to very late-season annual Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum), very late/multi-cut type

✔︎ Excellent recovery from grazing or harvest — strong fit for multi-graze/multi-cut systems

✔︎ Excellent seedling establishment and winter growth; highly digestible forage

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✔︎ Suits long seasons and wet winters; good frost tolerance and waterlogging tolerance

✘ Low hard seed — limited natural carry-over; plan to re-sow most years if you want it back

✘ Continuous grazing through flowering reduces seed set and any chance of persistence

✘ Later first feed than mid-season Persians; needs a longer season to fully pay off

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on drier ridges), Balansa Clover (on wetter flats), White Clover in higher-rainfall or irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Laser (late Persian) = similar late hay/silage and grazing role; Turbo is positioned as very late/multi-cut with strong recovery; vs Lightning (mid Persian) = Turbo is later with a bigger late-season window but generally later first feed; vs hard-seeded Persian = Turbo is less regenerative but better suited to multi-cut/multi-graze in long, wet-winter seasons.
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group O rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotational winter grazing; spell at flowering to set any seed (expect to re-sow most years).

Strawberry Clover

Palestine

Palestine

→ Perennial stoloniferous clover (Trifolium fragiferum)

✔︎Salt, waterlogging & alkaline-soil tolerant (suited to saline/wet paddocks)

✔︎ Handles heavy grazing once runners are established (often outlasts white clover)

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✔︎ Useful in saline mixes with tall wheatgrass/puccinellia; good hay/silage component

✘ Occasional oestrogenic effects — avoid grazing breeding animals near joining

✘ Slow establishment & low winter growth (protect seedlings; watch mites)

✘ Summer production relies on moisture; less salt-tolerant than tall wheatgrass/puccinellia

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many temperate and saline-tolerant grasses.

Grasses:

Saline/wet sites:Tall Wheatgrass, Puccinellia, Saltwater Couch

Temperate mixes: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue, Paspalum

Legumes:

Subterranean Clover, Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover.

Notes:

— In comparison, vs white clover = far better salinity/waterlogging tolerance, but slower winter growth, vs red clover = more persistent on wet/saline flats, but less summer bulk, vs sub clover = perennial option for saline/wet sites, but slower to establish and needs higher residuals
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed
— Inoculation: Group B (clover) rhizobia
— Fertility, maintain P, K, S, lime if pH(CaCl₂) < 5.2–5.5, monitor Mo if deficient
— Grazing, keep residuals ≥7 cm to protect stolons/crowns, rotate (avoid set-stocking), allow seed set in Year 1
— Valuable component of salt-affected or waterlogged pastures

Gland Clover

Prima

Prima

→ Mid-season annual gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum), ~110–125 days to flowering

✔︎ Hard-seeded with reliable regeneration in ley rotations; handles false breaks better than soft-seeded clovers

✔︎ Suits heavier, seasonally wet flats — good tolerance of short-term waterlogging; fits neutral to mildly alkaline loams/clays

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✔︎ Glandular, sticky foliage can reduce feeding by small pests (e.g. RLEM) compared with many other annual clovers

✘ Less suited to deep, infertile sands — prefers loams/clays with reasonable fertility

✘ Requires a spring spell at flowering — continuous grazing then will reduce regeneration

✘ No silver bullet for pests or weeds; broadleaf herbicide options are limited during establishment

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.
Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass, Perennial ryegrass (higher rainfall/irrigation), Tall fescue, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Balansa (on wetter flats), Subterranean clover on slightly drier microsites, Persian clover in irrigated/higher-rainfall paddocks.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs balansa = less early bulk but similar wet-flat fit with stronger hard-seed carry-over, vs Persian (Laser/Lightning) = more persistent (hard-seeded) but less erect for hay, vs French serradella = better on neutral–alkaline, heavier soils (serradella suits acid sands), vs sub clover = more at home on seasonally wet/heavier clays while sub suits better-drained sites.
— Sow shallow (5–10 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed; roll if fluffy.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Ensure P & S; monitor K and Mo on lighter soils.
— Rotationally graze through winter; defer at flowering (Sept–Oct) to maintain the seedbank.
— Where it sits versus other annual clovers: earlier winter bulk is usually behind Cadiz-type French serradella and some Persian types, but Prima is more persistent than soft-seeded options and is more at home than sub clover on seasonally wet, heavier soils.

Red Clover Diploids

Renegade

Renegade

→ Mid–late maturing diploid (Trifolium pratense)

✔︎ High total yield and strong spring–summer growth

✔︎ Improved persistence (up to 4 years) compared with traditional red clover types

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✔︎ Production suitable for grazing hay or silage

✘ Oestrogens present — avoid grazing breeding animals near joining

✘ Less winter-active than early maturing types

✘ Sensitive to waterlogging; crown rot risk in humid/wet soils

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many temperate and subtropical grasses.

Grasses:

Temperate and Tableland areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.
South Coast and Western Irrigated areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass, Paspalum, Kikuyu.
Central and North Coast: Kikuyu, Setaria, Rhodes Grass, Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass.

Legumes:

Subterranean Clover, Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs early red clovers = later finish with more late-spring/summer yield but slower early winter start, vs late red clovers = slightly earlier, quicker recovery but shorter late hay/silage window, vs tetraploid reds = better persistence under grazing/finer stems for curing but slightly lower peak yield per cut.
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed
— Inoculation: Group C (clover) rhizobia
— Fertility, maintain P, K, S, lime if pH(CaCl₂) < 5.2–5.5, monitor Mo if deficient
— Grazing/cutting, keep rotations to ~30–40 days, rest after flowering, maintain cut/graze height ≥7 cm to protect crowns and longevity

USA Red

USA Red

→ Mid–late maturing diploid (Trifolium pratense)

✔︎ High total dry matter yield — strong spring and summer production

✔︎ Widely adapted — performs from cool temperate to coastal subtropical zones

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✔︎ Excellent silage and hay quality; leafy and palatable

✘ Higher oestrogen than modern low-oestrogen reds — avoid grazing breeding animals near joining

✘ Less winter-active than early maturing types

✘ Shorter persistence (often ~1–2 years) compared with selected long-persisting reds

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many temperate and subtropical grasses.

Grasses:

Temperate and Tableland areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.
South Coast and Western Irrigated areas: Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass, Paspalum, Kikuyu.
Central and North Coast: Kikuyu, Setaria, Rhodes Grass, Perennial Ryegrass, Italian Ryegrass.

Legumes:

Subterranean Clover, Arrowleaf Clover, Persian Clover.

Notes:

— In comparison, vs early red clovers = later finish with more late-spring/summer yield, slower early winter start, vs late red clovers = similar timing but generally less winter activity, vs tetraploid reds = typically finer stems/easier curing but lower peak yield per cut, vs modern low-oestrogen reds (e.g., Redquin/Renegade) = higher oestrogen risk and often shorter stand life.
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed
— Inoculation: Group C (clover) rhizobia
— Fertility, maintain P, K, S, lime if pH(CaCl₂) < 5.2–5.5, monitor Mo if deficient
— Grazing/cutting, 30–40 day interval, rest after flowering, maintain cut/graze height ≥7 cm to protect crowns and longevity

Snail Medic

Sava

Sava

→ Early–mid season annual snail medic (Medicago scutellata)

✔︎ Rapid establishment and strong winter–spring feed; excellent quality hay/silage

✔︎ Suits neutral–alkaline, well-drained loams/clays in low–medium rainfall zones (~300–550 mm)

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✔︎ Produces abundant seed under good springs (useful if spelled)

✘ Lower persistence than hard-seeded barrel/strand medics — usually re-sown if continuously grazed at flowering

✘ Not suited to acidic, saline, or waterlogged paddocks

✘ Susceptible to establishment pests (RLEM, lucerne flea) and aphids — monitor and treat early

Compatible pasture plants (annual forage mixes)

Neutral–alkaline loams/clays: Sava + annual/Italian ryegrass (moderate) or cereals (oats/ryecorn) for winter bulk.
Mixed medic program: Sava (quick early feed) + a hard-seeded barrel/strand medic (e.g., Paraggio/Jemalong/Herald) to improve regeneration.
Silage/hay focus: Sava + Italian ryegrass; manage a spring spell to secure seed if some carry-over is desired.

Notes:

— In comparison, vs barrel/strand medics (e.g., Paraggio/Herald) = quicker early feed but softer seed and poorer regeneration, vs Cheetah/Sephi (barrel) = earlier and better for hay in mid seasons but less aphid resistance/persistence, vs sub clover = better on neutral–alkaline loams/clays in drier belts, but poorer on acid sands and wet flats
— Sowing depth, 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed
— Inoculation: Group AM (annual medics), strain WSM1115
— Fertility, ensure P & S, maintain K on lighter soils
— Grazing, begin once well anchored (pull test), rotate through winter, defer at flowering to bank seed if aiming for regeneration

Arrowleaf Clover

Zulu

Zulu

→ Mid–late to late-season annual arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum)

✔︎ Extends grazing 4–8+ weeks into early summer; excellent late spring/early summer growth from deep roots (to ~1–1.5 m)

✔︎ High hard-seed level → good self-regeneration under managed seed set

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✔︎ Tall, erect, hollow stems — good hay/silage option

✘ Poor winter dry-matter — pair with earlier annuals for early feed

✘ Intolerant of poorly drained/saline soils; prefers well-drained profiles

✘ Needs a spring spell — continuous grazing at flowering reduces seedbank and persistence

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall Fescue.

Legumes: Sub clover (drier ridges), Persian/balansa (wet flats), white clover in higher-rainfall/irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Seelu (late, public) = similar maturity window; Zulu II typically higher hard-seed % and better carry-over, vs Persian/Berseem = later, longer spring but lower winter feed and poorer flood tolerance, vs sub clover = adds 4–8+ weeks of late feed in long seasons but less winter activity and poorer waterlogging tolerance.
— Sowing depth 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Fertility ensure P & S, monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Grazing rotate through winter, defer at first flower in Year 1 to bank hard seed and maintain regeneration.

Temperate Grasses

Cocksfoot

Aurus

Aurus

→ Summer-active perennial cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)

✔︎ High total annual yield with strong spring–summer activity; strong winter growth for a cocksfoot

✔︎ Excellent seedling vigour and rapid establishment; upright, clover-friendly habit

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✔︎ Later heading and good disease tolerance

✘ Prefers higher rainfall; performance drops in drier districts

✘ Upright habit can get rank if spring rotations are lax — manage canopy

✘ Not suited to prolonged waterlogging

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Tall Fescue.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Savvy tougher in summer but less soft/leafy (earlier heading); vs Megatas more balanced cool-season growth but less summer leaf and more aftermath heading; vs Currie softer/leafier with later heading; vs Uplands more green summer feed but less drought-dormant.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); keep 2–4-leaf rotations to avoid rank spring growth

Currie

Currie

→ Mediterranean-type perennial cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)

✔︎ Better summer–autumn rebound in dry zones than softer, winter-leaning cocksfoots — responds fast after summer rain

✔︎ Earlier spring start/longer warm-season window — tends to out-produce later-heading types in late spring–summer

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✔︎ Strong seedling vigour — generally establishes quicker than many mid-dormant/older cocksfoot lines

✘ Coarser, earlier-heading than soft-leaf types — goes stemmy faster if spring rotations slip

✘ More clover shading under lenient grazing vs open, soft-leaf cultivars — keep rotations tight

✘ No advantage on wet/heavy ground — like most cocksfoot, performs poorly under prolonged

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Tall Fescue.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Savvy tougher in summer but coarser/earlier if rotations slip; vs Megatas steadier year-round but less leafy in summer with more aftermath heading; vs Uplands more green summer feed but less drought-dormant.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); stay on top of spring rotations to limit stem/seedhead carry-over into summer

Megatas

Megatas

→ Tetraploid, soft-leaf perennial cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)

✔︎ Tetraploid with excellent seedling vigour and a low, densely tillered crown (quick establishment; strong recovery)

✔︎ Highly summer-active with leafy, high-quality feed through the warm season

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✔︎ Little or no aftermath heading, helping maintain summer quality after first heading

✘ Mid-winter growth only moderate in colder districts — blend accordingly

✘ Can coarsen if spring rotations slip — manage canopy to keep it leafy

✘ Not suited to prolonged waterlogging — best on well-drained soils

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Tall Fescue.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Savvy more summer leaf and lower aftermath heading, but lighter in mid-winter; vs Yarack higher summer quality but less steady winter balance; vs Uplands far more green summer feed but less drought-survival.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); maintain 3–4-leaf stage and top quickly if heading escapes

Uplands

Uplands

→ Hispanica-type perennial cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata ssp. hispanica)

✔︎ Drought-leaning hispanica type; persists from ~350 mm+ with summer semi-dormancy

✔︎ Compact, densely tillered, fine-leaf habit; better animal acceptance than older hispanica lines

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✔︎ Good summer survival on lighter soils where ryegrass thins

✘ Slower early establishment — control weeds and be patient in early growth stages

✘ Summer dormancy reduces green pick without summer rain/irrigation

✘ Not suited to heavy, waterlogged clays

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Tall Fescue.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Aurus/Savvy/Megatas tougher under drought with more summer dormancy but less green summer feed; vs Yarack/Currie more drought-leaning but slower to establish and more winter-biased reduction.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); keep 3–4-leaf rotations (light grazings only in Year 1)

Phalaris

Australian

Australian

→ Winter-dormant type phalaris (Phalaris aquatica)

✔︎ Autumn–spring biased production with reduced mid-winter growth

✔︎ Persistence in dry summers, plus deep roots give excellent drought carry-over

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✔︎ Fits mixed-farming systems in lower–medium rainfall belts; reliable base grass where winters are cool and summers harsh

✘ Older genetics with higher alkaloid risk than modern low-alkaloid lines — manage grazing introductions and animal health accordingly

✘ Crown vulnerability in dormancy — hard set-stocking or heavy traffic during summer dormancy can thin plants

✘ Seed-to-seed variability (being an older public cultivar) can mean more variable performance compared with newer, tightly selected lines

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), White/Strawberry Clover on heavier/wetter ground; Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs winter-active phalaris (e.g., Holdfast/GT) = tougher summer survival but less winter growth/green summer feed; vs modern low-alkaloid lines = higher alkaloid risk; vs perennial ryegrass = better summer persistence but lower winter growth in cold districts.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); allow occasional seed-set to enhance longevity. (Seed-guide practice.)

Holdfast

Holdfast

→ Winter-active phalaris cultivar (Phalaris aquatica)

✔︎ Winter-active with low–moderate summer dormancy; strong cool-season production; good persistence when rotationally grazed

✔︎ Benchmark winter-active type (similar to Sirosa/Sirolan) with improved seed retention at maturity

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✔︎ Tolerates moderately acid soils compared with older lines

✘ Medium seedling vigour — establishment is not as quick as the most vigorous alternatives

✘ Alkaloids can still be a risk in stressed/old stands

✘ Low–moderate summer dormancy means little summer green pick in dry years (will brown off)

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), White/Strawberry Clover on heavier/wetter ground; Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Holdfast GT better suited to rotational systems (GT holds better under heavier set-stocking); vs Confederate/low-alkaloid lines similar winter growth but higher alkaloid risk; vs Australian (winter-dormant) more winter growth but less summer survival; vs perennial ryegrass better summer persistence but usually slower establishment.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); allow occasional seed-set to enhance longevity. (Seed-guide practice.)

Sirosa

Sirosa

→ Winter-active type phalaris (Phalaris aquatica)

✔︎ High winter and early-spring growth; strong shoulder-season feed compared with semi-dormant types

✔︎ Deep-rooted, persistent perennial for loam to clay-loam soils; tolerates short periods of wet feet better than ryegrass

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✔︎ Suited to HRZ: performs best from ~600–900 mm (cool/wet pockets can push higher with good management)

✘ Needs active grazing in late spring to prevent rank, stemmy growth (quality drops if canopy isn’t controlled)

✘ Animal health: phalaris alkaloids can be a risk around the break/first frosts — use low-alkaloid seed sources and follow local grazing advice

✘ Establishment is slower than ryegrass — keep weeds down and graze lightly in Year 1. (General establishment guidance.)

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), White/Strawberry Clover on heavier/wetter ground; Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Holdfast very similar agronomy but Holdfast has improved seed retention (and often better acid tolerance); vs Holdfast GT less tolerant of heavy set-stocking; vs Australian (winter-dormant) more winter growth but less summer survival; vs low-alkaloid lines (e.g., Confederate) generally higher alkaloid risk.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); allow occasional seed-set to enhance longevity. (Seed-guide practice.)

Brome Grass

Bareno

Bareno

→ Short-lived perennial pasture brome (Bromus valdivianus)

✔︎ Selected in NZ for persistence under grazing and high summer forage, with very palatable feed and strong cool-season growth

✔︎ Regenerates well from seed if allowed to set periodically — can maintain density in mixes despite 2–3-year plant lifespan

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✔︎ More tolerant of Argentine stem weevil

✘ Doesn’t tolerate waterlogging; needs moderate–high fertility for best performance

✘ Can thin without recruitment — must allow spring seed set at intervals

✘ In lower-rainfall or summer-dry seasons plants can behave more annual-like unless summer rain/irrigation supports carry-over

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial/Annual/Italian ryegrasses (good fit). Avoid sowing alongside slow-establishing phalaris, cocksfoot or tall fescue at full rates (brome’s early vigour can suppress them).
Legumes: Subterranean & white clovers, lucerne, red clover.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) = Bareno is slower to establish but holds better under grazing if you allow periodic seed set; prairie grass gives faster early/winter feed and very soft leaf but is shorter-lived without reseeding.
vs Grazing brome types = Bareno tends to give softer, higher-quality winter feed and is easier to keep leafy; grazing-type bromes can push a bit more summer bulk when moisture arrives but are coarser and can open up if not rotated.
vs Annual bromes (soft/rescue, etc.) = Bareno is a true perennial phase that can self-recruit when spelled; annual bromes bolt/head quickly, giving a brief flush but poor persistence/quality later in spring.

— Sow 10 – 20 mm (no more than 25 mm) into a firm, moist autumn seedbed; ensure good seed-soil contact. (Depth consistent with temperate grass practice.)
— Graze first entry only after the pull test and ≥4 tillers; aim for 2–3-leaf grazings in winter and leave ~5–7 cm residual.
— Spell in spring periodically to allow seed set and refresh the stand (key to holding density beyond 2–3 years).

Gala

Gala

→ Gala grazing brome (Bromus stamineus) — winter-active perennial brome for tougher, summer-dry environments

✔︎ Perennial ryegrass alternative in harsh conditions — winter active, highly productive, densely tillered

✔︎ Persistent under hard grazing and harsh climatic conditions; more persistent than prairie grass

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✔︎ Drought tolerant with strong autumn recovery; good fit with cocksfoot on slightly acidic, well drained soils

✘ Establishment speed and best sowing method for Gala not specified in the available sources

✘ Not a tall “shut-up” grass — shouldn’t be locked up expecting tall covers/big bulk; manage it more like a ryegrass-style grazing sward

✘ Establishment can be slow (especially in cool soils) and early yields can lag

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial/Annual/Italian ryegrasses (good fit). Avoid sowing alongside slow-establishing phalaris, cocksfoot or tall fescue at full rates (brome’s early vigour can suppress them).
Legumes: Subterranean & white clovers, lucerne, red clover.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs perennial ryegrass = positioned as a more suitable option in harsh conditions; vs prairie grass = more persistent under hard grazing/harsh climate; vs Bareno pasture brome = earlier flowering (Bareno is described as flowering 19 days later than Gala)

— Sow 10 – 20 mm (no more than 25 mm) into a firm, moist autumn seedbed; ensure good seed-soil contact. (Depth consistent with temperate grass practice.)
— Graze first entry only after the pull test and ≥4 tillers; aim for 2–3-leaf grazings in winter and leave ~5–7 cm residual.
— Spell in spring periodically to allow seed set and refresh the stand (key to holding density beyond 2–3 years).

Short-term/Italian

Common

Common

→ Mid–late to late-season annual arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) (common/public type)

✔︎ Extends grazing 4–8+ weeks into early summer in good springs; strong late spring growth from a deep root system

✔︎ Typically hard-seeded → can self-regenerate if you allow seed set periodically

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✔︎ Tall, erect, hollow stems — can be used for hay/silage as well as grazing

✘ Lower winter dry matter — pair with earlier annuals (sub clover/early medics/annual ryegrass) for winter feed

✘ Prefers well-drained soils; performs poorly on waterlogged (and often saline) sites

✘ Needs a spring spell — continuous grazing through flowering reduces seed set and future regeneration

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial ryegrass, Annual/Italian ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot, Tall fescue.
Legumes: Sub clover (drier ridges), Persian/Balansa (wetter flats), White clover in higher rainfall/irrigated areas.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Zulu = similar mid–late to late maturity and hay/grazing role; “common” types can have less hard seed and weaker carry-over than improved lines depending on seed lot and management. vs Persian/Berseem = arrowleaf is later/longer spring feed but generally less winter feed and poorer fit on wet flats. vs Sub clover = arrowleaf adds valuable late feed in long seasons but is less winter-active and needs spring spelling to bank seed.

— Sowing depth 5–10 mm into a firm, moist seedbed.
— Inoculation: Group C rhizobia.
— Fertility: ensure P & S; monitor K & Mo on lighter soils.
— Grazing: rotate through winter; defer at first flower (especially Year 1) to bank hard seed and maintain regeneration.

Tall Fescue

Demeter

Demeter

→ Continental (summer-active) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

✔︎ Traditional continental type with growth in spring–summer–autumn; suited to high-rainfall temperate districts

✔︎ Erect, densely-tillered habit with good mid-summer growth where moisture is available

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✔︎ Tolerates periods of set-stocking better than many perennials

✘ Best in higher rainfall; performance drops in drier zones without irrigation or summer rain

✘ Can get rank if rotations are lax — manage canopy heading

✘ Needs moderate–high fertility — quality and persistence drop under low N/P

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Mediterranean (winter-active) fescues = more summer growth but less drought dormancy; vs perennial ryegrass = better summer persistence and wet-foot tolerance, but needs careful spring grazing to prevent rank feed.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); avoid rank, stemmy carry-over into summer.

Temora

Temora

→ Mediterranean (summer-dormant, winter-active) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

✔︎ Summer-dormant, deep-rooted type for persistence through hot, dry summers; quick recovery with autumn rains

✔︎ Strong winter–spring production; bred for denser tillering

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✔︎ Nil endophyte

✘ Less green pick through summer (dormant) unless irrigated or summer rain occurs

✘ Slower to establish than ryegrass — keep weeds down and graze lightly in Year 1

✘ Crown is vulnerable if overgrazed/trafficked during dormancy — leave residual

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial Ryegrass, Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Phalaris, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (on lighter/drier microsites), Balansa/Persian Clover (on better-moisture flats), Medics on alkaline rises.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs continental (summer-active) fescues = far better summer survival but less summer green feed; vs perennial ryegrass = stronger persistence through heat/dry but slower establishment; vs older Mediterranean lines = denser tillering focus for stand longevity.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); light grazings only in Year 1; manage summer dormancy with timely rotations

Ryegrass Perennial

Kangaroo Valley

Kangaroo Valley

→ Early maturing perennial diploid ryegrass (Lolium perenne), heading date -17 relative to nui

✔︎ Selected from the Kangaroo Valley/Shoalhaven region ecotypes noted for persistence on coastal/tablelands NSW and tolerance of a wide range of grazing pressures; strong late-winter–spring feed

✔︎ Vigorous cool-season growth with high leaf:stem; continues into early summer under favourable conditions; reliable late-winter–spring feed under rotational grazing

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✔︎ Historically used as a local ecotype/cultivar in Australia; once certified as “Kangaroo Valley” after earlier “KV Early”/“KV Late” lines were combined

✘ Lower summer persistence and recovery than summer-active perennials (cocksfoot/phalaris) in hot, dry districts

✘ Less suited to hot, dry inland districts and shallow, drought-prone soils; performance drops in lower rainfall without irrigation

✘ Historically standard-endophyte lines in many stands — manage ryegrass-staggers risk with mixed swards and sensible grazing timing

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian Ryegrass (for early bulk), Perennial Ryegrass (other types in blends), Phalaris and Cocksfoot (for added summer persistence), Tall Fescue (on heavier soils).
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (standard companion on well-drained soils), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigation), Red Clover (silage quality in moist environments), Medics (on neutral–alkaline rises).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs AusVic, earlier heading (more early feed, shorter late-spring window); vs Bolton, similar “early” class (exact offset varies by source); vs cocksfoot/phalaris, stronger winter feed but poorer summer persistence.
— Sow shallow 5–15 mm into a firm, moist autumn seedbed.
— Nitrogen after each grazing/cut to drive recovery; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils).
— Graze at 2.5–3 leaves; leave ~4–6 cm residual to protect rapid regrowth.
— Companion tip: commonly sown with subterranean clover; add white clover under higher rainfall/irrigation; chicory also pairs well where moisture allows.

Nui

Nui

→ Medium maturing perennial diploid ryegrass (Lolium perenne), heading date 0 (Industry standard)

✔︎ Benchmark seasonal pattern for temperate districts — reliable late-winter to spring feed under rotational grazing

✔︎ Dense tillering and good traffic tolerance; establishes readily on fertile, well-drained soils

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✔︎ Suits grazing, hay and silage in reliable-moisture environments

✘ Heads readily in spring — requires timely rotations/topping to maintain ME

✘ Lower summer persistence/recovery than summer-active perennials (cocksfoot/phalaris) in hot, dry districts

✘ Many legacy seedlots carry standard endophyte — manage ryegrass-staggers risk

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian Ryegrass (for early bulk), Perennial Ryegrass (other types in blends), Phalaris and Cocksfoot (for added summer persistence), Tall Fescue (on heavier soils).
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (standard companion on well-drained soils), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigation), Red Clover (silage quality in moist environments), Medics (on neutral–alkaline rises).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Victorian/Kangaroo Valley types, later heading (less very-early feed but a longer late-spring window); vs Bolton (−8 to Nui) Nui is later; vs soft-leaf/tetraploid PRG lines, Nui is denser/traffic-tolerant but typically less soft/leafy.
— Sow shallow 5–15 mm into a firm, moist autumn seedbed.
— Nitrogen after each grazing/cut to drive recovery; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils).
— Graze at 2.5–3 leaves; leave ~4–6 cm residual to protect rapid regrowth.
— Companion tip: commonly sown with subterranean clover; add white clover under higher rainfall/irrigation; chicory also pairs well where moisture allows.

Victorian

Victorian

→ Early maturing perennial diploid ryegrass (Lolium perenne), heading date -10 relative to nui

✔︎ Classic early-heading PRG selected for reliable late-winter–spring feed under rotational grazing

✔︎ Strong early spring growth; dense tillering and good traffic tolerance on fertile, well-drained soils

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✔︎ Well proven in coastal/tableland temperate districts; commonly used as a benchmark early type

✘ Early heading — needs tight spring rotations or topping to maintain ME and limit stem

✘ Persistence and summer recovery lower than summer-active perennials (cocksfoot/phalaris) in hot, dry districts

✘ Historically standard-endophyte lines in many stands — manage ryegrass-staggers risk with mixed swards and sensible grazing timin

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian Ryegrass (for early bulk), Perennial Ryegrass (other types in blends), Phalaris and Cocksfoot (for added summer persistence), Tall Fescue (on heavier soils).
Legumes: Subterranean Clover (standard companion on well-drained soils), White Clover (higher rainfall/irrigation), Red Clover (silage quality in moist environments), Medics (on neutral–alkaline rises).

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Nui (0) Victorian is earlier, giving more early feed but a shorter late-spring window; vs Kangaroo Valley broadly similar “early” class; vs soft-leaf/tetraploid PRG lines typically denser/traffic-tolerant but less soft/leafy.
— Nitrogen after each grazing/cut to drive recovery; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils).
— Graze at 2.5–3 leaves; leave ~4–6 cm residual to protect rapid regrowth.
— Companion tip: commonly sown with subterranean clover; add white clover under higher rainfall/irrigation; chicory also pairs well where moisture allows.

Prairie Grass

Matua

Matua

→ Short-lived perennial prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii)

✔︎ Very palatable, high-quality feed with strong cool-season production; prairie grasses are noted for excellent winter growth.

✔︎ Can persist via reseeding under the right management—allowing a more-or-less permanent stand in some systems

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✔︎ Handles hard grazing better than many temperate grasses when selected for that trait (benchmark examples in the prairie group emphasise tiller density and grazing tolerance)

✘ Typically slower to establish than ryegrass—keep weeds down and go light in Year 1

✘ Often best treated as a 2–3-year pasture phase unless managed for reseeding; can thin without periodic seed set

✘ Prefers fertile, well-drained soils; performance drops on poorly drained or very low-fertility paddocks

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Perennial/Annual/Italian Ryegrass, Cocksfoot.
Legumes: Subterranean & White clovers; Medics on suitable alkaline rises. (Standard temperate grass–clover practice; pairs well with clovers for quality.)

Notes:

— In comparison: vs perennial ryegrass = higher winter quality but shorter stand life/slower establishment; vs tall fescue = softer feed/earlier feed but less heat/drought persistence; vs cocksfoot = more palatable/cool-season growth but less summer-dry persistence.

— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist autumn seedbed; prairie grass seed is relatively large—ensure good seed-soil contact. (Depth consistent with temperate grass practice.)
— Graze once well anchored (pull-test). To maintain stands beyond 2–3 years, spell and allow seed-set in spring to refresh the seedbank.
— Suits rotational grazing; keep pastures leafy through spring to avoid rank growth and maintain quality (general prairie/brome management).

Ryegrass Annuals

Tetila

Tetila

→ Early–mid season annual tetraploid ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)

✔︎ Very rapid establishment and strong early–mid winter growth; highly palatable, large-leaf feed

✔︎ Excellent for silage/hay with quick regrowth after cutting; good recovery between grazings

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✔︎ Versatile winter forage for mixed farms, dairy and beef: dryland ≥450–500 mm or under irrigation; widely used for oversowing warm-season pastures in subtropical districts

✘ Lower tiller density and traffic tolerance than diploids — avoid pugging/over-grazing when wet

✘ Needs good fertility and nitrogen to hit potential; quality drops if heading is allowed

✘ Short-season annual — finishes fast with heat/dry; won’t persist into summer without irrigation

Compatible pasture plants

Compatible with many annual and perennial temperate grasses.

Grasses: Annual/Italian ryegrass (other), Perennial ryegrass (≤~20% of mix), Oats/Ryecorn (forage covers).
Legumes: Persian clover, Balansa clover, Red clover (commonly mixed for winter feed and silage quality).

— Fits very well with subtropical perennial bases—commonly oversown into kikuyu, Rhodes grass, paspalum, setaria (and couch/bermuda) to provide high-quality winter feed in subtropical districts.

Notes:

— In comparison: vs Double Crop (diploid) softer/leafier but less dense/traffic-tolerant; vs Dominator generally earlier/leafier but shorter finish; vs New Tetila similar maturity with supplier-claimed disease/leafiness gains; vs late types (e.g., Load) less late-spring bulk but faster early feed.
— Sow shallow (5–15 mm) into a firm, moist seedbed (Autumn)
— Responds to N after establishment; maintain P & K (watch S on lighter soils)
— Graze once well anchored (pull test); enter at 2.5–3 leaves and leave ~5–6 cm residual to drive rapid regrowth

Bambatsi Panic

Bambatsi

Bambatsi

✔︎ Drought tolerant and hardy

✔︎ Once established is extremely persistent

✔︎ Affinity for black clay soils

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✘ Slow to establish

✘ Livestock less likely to graze once the plant becomes overgrown

✘ Not suited to low fertility soils

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Desmanthus, Caribbean Stylo.

Tropical Grass

Buffel Grass

Biloela

Biloela

✔︎ Rhizomatous, taller-growing cultivar that matures later than other Buffel grass cultivars

✔︎ More suited to heavier clays compared to other Buffel grass cultivars

✔︎ Withstands heavy grazing pressure

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✘ Contains oxalates

✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

✘ Bare seed can be difficult to sow

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Gayndah

Gayndah

✔︎ Improved livestock acceptance compared to Biloela

✔︎ Tolerant of heavy grazing

✔︎ Highly persistent

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✘ Contains oxalates

✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

✘ Bare seed can be difficult to sow

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

USA

USA

✔︎ Similar to Gayndah, however, flowers earlier

✔︎ Tolerant of heavy grazing

✔︎ Highly persistent

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✘ Contains oxalates

✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

✘ Bare seed can be difficult to sow

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Creeping Bluegrass

Bisset

Bisset

✔︎ Improved root development on stolons, finer stem, and more readily grazed compared to hatch

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing

✔︎ Quick ground cover

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✘ Growth can be slow after dry/cold periods

✘ Can become a monoculture

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Hatch

Hatch

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing

✔︎ Quick ground cover

✔︎ Drought tolerant

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✘ Growth can be slow after dry/cold periods

✘ Not as accepted by stock as Bisset

✘ Less leafy than Bisset

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Burgundy Bean, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Tetraploid Rhodes Grass

Callide

Callide

✔︎ Vigorous tetraploid type – Late flowering

✔︎ Highly palatable

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing pressure

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✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

✘ Does not tolerate high exchangeable aluminium levels

✘ Increased fertility needed to drive the cultivars

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Epica

Epica

→ See Tech Sheet Epica Rhodes

✔︎ Selected for high dry matter production, with a higher leaf-to-stem ratio than other tetraploids

✔︎ Suited to grazing, hay and silage; excellent water use efficiency and high salt tolerance in suitable environments

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✔︎ Highly palatable, with no oxalate or prussic acid; crude protein commonly ~12–14% when managed well

✘ Best suited to longer seasons / higher rainfall environments (~600 mm+)

✘ To drive hay yields, fertility inputs are required (nitrogen demand increases with tonnes of hay produced)

✘ Longer rest between cuts/grazing may be needed than diploid Rhodes types

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Mitchell Grass

Curly

Curly

✔︎ Native warm-season grass

✔︎ Extremely drought tolerant

✔︎ Grows well on self-mulching clays

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✘ Restricted to alkaline clays in summer dominant rainfall areas

✘ Seed is expensive due to poor seeding capabilities

Compatible pasture plants

Legumes: Desmanthus.

Diploid Rhodes Grass

Finecut

Finecut

✔︎ Finer stem compared to Katambora

✔︎ Good option for hay and silage

✔︎ Great leaf-to-stem ratio

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✘ Increased fertility is necessary to stimulate plant growth

✘ It does not graze as well as Callide

✘ Not adapted to soils with high exchangeable aluminium levels

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Gulfcut

Gulfcut

→ Fine leaf and stem Diploid Rhodes grass

✔︎ Shorter hay drying time than other diploids (about 1 day shorter)

✔︎ Excellent hay, fine stems and dense leafy erect growth habit

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✔︎ Increased salt tolerance

✘ Lower dry matter yields than Reclaimer

✘ In higher rainfall regions, Epica (Tetraploid) is more palatable and often a better option.

✘ For maximum yields N, P, K need to be optimized

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Katambora

Katambora

✔︎ Improved tolerance to lower temperatures

✔︎ Good option for hay and silage

✔︎ Great leaf-to-stem ratio

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✘ Increased fertility is necessary to stimulate plant growth

✘ It does not graze as well as Callide

✘ Not adapted to soils with high exchangeable aluminium levels

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Reclaimer

Reclaimer

→ See Tech Sheet Reclaimer Rhodes

✔︎ High yielding (up to 20% more than Katambora) with improved water-use efficiency and leaf-to-stem ratio

✔︎ High salt tolerance and versatile – suitable for silage, hay or grazing

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✔︎ Highly palatable with no prussic acid or oxalate issues

✘ Slightly longer hay drying time than Gulfcut (about 1 extra day)

✘ In higher rainfall regions, Epica (Tetraploid) is more palatable and often a better option.

✘ For maximum yields N, P, K need to be optimized

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Kikuyu, Panics, Setaria, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Panics

Gatton

Gatton

✔︎ Highly palatable

✔︎ High leaf production

✔︎ Good spring growth

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✘ Does not tolerate flooding

✘ Requires fertile soils

✘ Due to palatability, can succumb to over grazing

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Green

Green

✔︎ Shade Tolerant

✔︎ High quality feed

✔︎ High Yield Potential

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✘ Sensitive to Heavy Grazing

✘ Oxalate Risks

✘ Does not handle waterlogging 

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Caatinga Stylo, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Finger grass

Jarra

Jarra

✔︎ Suited to higher rainfall areas compared to Strickland

✔︎ Vigorous, stoloniferous grass

✔︎ Highly palatable

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✘ Due to palatability, selective grazing can occur

✘ Intolerant of frost

✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Strickland

Strickland

✔︎ Vigorous, stoloniferous grass

✔︎ Better drought tolerance than Jarra

✔︎ Highly palatable

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✘ Due to palatability, selective grazing can occur

✘ Intolerant of frost

✘ Tolerates some waterlogging, but not flooding

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Setaria

Kazungula

Kazungula

✔︎ Tolerant to waterlogging

✔︎ Palatable when young and leafy

✔︎ Easy to establish 

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✘ High in oxalates

✘ Mature plants have poor feed quality

✘ More stemmier than other cultivars

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Kikuyu.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Common Stylo.

Narok

Narok

✔︎ Not as coarse as Kazungula

✔︎ Palatable when young and leafy

✔︎ Easy to establish

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✘ High in oxalates

✘ Mature plants have poor feed quality

✘ Not very drought tolerant

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Kikuyu.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Common Stylo.

Solander

Solander

✔︎ Selected for improved winter yield and winter greenness

✔︎ Palatable when young and leafy

✔︎ Easy to establish

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✘ High in oxalates

✘ Mature plants have poor feed quality

✘ Not very drought tolerant

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Kikuyu.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Common Stylo.

Splenda

Splenda

✔︎ Later flowering – feed quality kept for longer

✔︎ Palatable when young and leafy

✔︎ Easy to establish

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✘ High in oxalates

✘ Mature plants have poor feed quality

✘ Not very drought tolerant

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Kikuyu.

Legumes: Siratro, Burgundy Bean, Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Common Stylo.

Sabi grass

Nixon

Nixon

✔︎ Quick to establish

✔︎ Vigorous in habit once established

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing

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✘ Early flowering

✘ Sensitive to cold conditions

Compatible pasture plants

Legumes: Creeping Vigna, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Digit grass

Premier

Premier

✔︎ Ideal in the transition area where tropical and temperate conditions meet

✔︎ Tolerates frost and dry conditions

✔︎ Responds well to spring rainfall and will begin to grow

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✘ Due to palatability, selective grazing can occur

✘ Can be slow to establish

✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

Compatible pasture plants

Grasses: Buffel Grass, Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass.

Legumes: Butterfly Pea, Creeping Vigna, Desmanthus, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

QLD Bluegrass

QLD Bluegrass

QLD Bluegrass

✔︎ High-quality native grass

✔︎ Good spring growth

✔︎ Grows under low soil nitrogen levels

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✘ Does not tolerate waterlogging

✘ Does not tolerate heavy grazing

✘ Early maturity leading to poor feed quality

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, Forest Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Desmanthus, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Signal Grass

Signal Grass

Signal Grass

✔︎ Tolerates Heavy Grazing

✔︎ Suited for Humid Tropics

✔︎ Acidic and Aluminium Tolerant

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✘ Can cause photosensitisation in young cattle, sheep and goats

✘ Contains Oxalates

✘ Can become a monoculture

Compatible Pasture Plants

Legumes: Creeping Vigna, Glycine, Greenleaf Desmodium, Common Stylo.

Forest Bluegrass

Swann

Swann

✔︎ Tolerates low fertile soils

✔︎ Handles heavy grazing

✔︎ Productive and persistent 

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✘ Not as palatable compared to other grasses

✘ Susceptible to frost

✘ Intolerant of waterlogging

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Bambatsi Panic, Panics, Creeping Bluegrass, QLD Bluegrass, Tall Finger Grass, Digit Grass.

Legumes: Caatinga Stylo, Desmanthus, Round Leaf Cassia, Shrubby Stylo, Caribbean Stylo.

Humidicola

Tully

Tully

✔︎ Tolerates waterlogging

✔︎ Handles heavy grazing

✔︎ Highly vigorous once established

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✘ Seed quality can be an issue – high dormancy

✘ Can become a monoculture due to how vigorous the plant can be

✘ Quality can be an issue compared to other grasses

Compatible Legumes

Legumes: Common Stylo, Caribbean Stylo, Round Leaf Cassia.

Kikuyu

Whittet

Whittet

✔︎ Tolerates heavy grazing and high palatability

✔︎ Highly competitive

✔︎ Better frost tolerance than other tropical grasses

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✘ Hard to establish

✘ High fertility needed

Compatible Pasture Plants

Grasses: Rhodes Grass, Setaria.

Legumes: Siratro, Creeping Vigna.

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